TAXONOMY / CLASSIFICATION

·         History of Taxonomy                                                                     Video-1

Ø  Father of Zoology – Aristotle.

Ø  Term Taxonomy was coined by Lamarck and Traviranus.

Ø   Taxonomy derived from Greek word taxis (arrangement) and nomos (Law).

Ø  Taxonomy is the Science of classification & Taxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with identification, nomenclature and classification of organism.

Ø  Term Taxonomy was given by A P De Candolle.

Ø  Term Taxon was introduced by Adolf Meyer.

Ø  Aristotle made two main group :- Anaima (Animal without Red blood), Enaima (Animal with Red blood) Enaima is further divided in Ovipara and Vivipara.



Ø  Father of Botany – Theophrastus.     

        Binomial Nomenclature

 Binomial Nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus. (In 10th edition of Systema Naturae)

§ According to this system the name of a species consists of two words in Latin.

§ The first word identifies the Genus and the second word identifies the species itself.

§ The biological name of an organism is printed in Italic and underlined when hand-written.

 Eg.  Canis familiaris(Dog) , Felis domastica(Cat), Homo sapiens(Man).

Ø  Scientific names have been standardized through –

ICBN- International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

ICZN - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Ø  Holo type – The original type specimen used for the nomenclature.

Ø  Tautonym – A Taxonomic name in which genus and species names are same.

Eg. Vulpes vulpes (Red fox), Naja naja (India cobra).

 

·         Species Concept

Ø  John Ray  was first to introduce and define the term Animal Species.

Ø  Species is the basic unit of taxonomy.

Ø  Sympatric species- Species inhabiting he same geographical area.

Ø  Sympatric species- Species inhabiting he same geographical area.

Ø  Modern concept of species was introduced by Ernst Mayr.

§  Normally Breeding is possible only within a species.
§  Two different species are reproductively isolated.
§  A new species is formed when genotype changes accumulate in a population resulting in reproductive isolation.

Ø  Sibling Species – Two  different species which are morphologically identical but Reproductively isolated.